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Oh say, can you see, by the dawn's early light. 'Tis the star-spangled banner! Oh, long may it wave. O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! Oh, thus be it ever, when free men shall stand. Between their loved homes and the war's desolation! National Anthem (USA).
English: His Imperial Majesty's Reign | |
---|---|
'Kimigayo' | |
National anthem of Japan | |
Lyrics | waka poem, Heian period (794–1185) |
Music | Yoshiisa Oku and Akimori Hayashi (arranged by Franz Eckert, 1880) |
Adopted | 1888 (de facto, by the Empire of Japan); 13 August 1999 (de jure) |
Relinquished | 1945 (by the Empire of Japan) |
Audio sample | |
'Kimigayo' (instrumental) |
Problems playing this file? See media help. |
'Kimigayo' (君が代, Japanese pronunciation: [kʲimʲiɡa̠ꜜjo̞]; His Imperial Majesty's Reign) is the national anthem of Japan. Its lyrics are the oldest among the world's national anthems, and with a length of 11 measures and 32 characters, 'Kimigayo' is also one of the world's shortest. Its lyrics are from a waka poem written by an unnamed author in the Heian period (794–1185),[1] and the current melody was chosen in 1880, replacing an unpopular melody composed eleven years earlier. While the title 'Kimigayo' is usually translated as 'His Imperial Majesty's Reign', no official translation of the title or lyrics has been established in law.[2]
From 1888 to 1945, 'Kimigayo' served as the national anthem of the Empire of Japan. When the Empire was dissolved following its surrender at the end of World War II, the State of Japan succeeded it in 1945. This successor state was a parliamentary democracy, and the polity therefore changed from a system based on imperial sovereignty to one based on popular sovereignty. However, Emperor Hirohito was not dethroned and 'Kimigayo' was still retained as the de facto national anthem. The passage of the Act on National Flag and Anthem in 1999 recognized it as the official national and imperial anthem.
- 2History
- 2.2Postwar Japan (1945–present)
- 3Protocol
Etymology[edit]
'Kimi' has been used either as a noun to indicate an emperor or one's lord (i.e., master) since at least the Heian period.[3][4] For example, the protagonist Hikaru Genji(光源氏) of the Tale of Genji is also called 'Hikaru no Kimi' or 'Hikaru-gimi'(光の君 or 光君). But before the Nara period, the emperor was often called 'ōkimi' (great lord); so it is controversial whether the word 'kimi' in 'kimigayo' had meant emperor or not originally.
In the Kamakura period, 'Kimigayo' was used as a festive song among samurai and then became popular among the people in the Edo period. In the later part of the Edo period, 'Kimigayo' was used in the Ōoku (harem of Edo Castle) and Satsuma-han (now Kagoshima Prefecture) as a common festive new year song. In those contexts, 'kimi' never meant the emperor but only the Tokugawa shōgun, the Shimazu clan as rulers of the Satsuma-han, guests of honor or all members of festive drinking party. After the Meiji Restoration, samurai from Satsuma-han controlled the Imperial Japanese government and they adopted 'Kimigayo' as the national anthem of Japan. From this time until the Japanese defeat in World War II, 'Kimigayo' was understood to mean the long reign of the emperor. With the adoption of the Constitution of Japan in 1947, the emperor became no longer a sovereign who ruled by divine right, but a human who is a symbol of the state and of the unity of the people.[5] The Ministry of Education did not give any new meanings for 'Kimigayo' after the war; this allowed the song to mean the Japanese people. The Ministry also did not formally renounce the pre-war meaning of 'Kimigayo'.[6]
In 1999, during the deliberations of the Act on National Flag and Anthem, the official definition of Kimi or Kimi-ga-yo was questioned repeatedly. The first suggestion, which was given by Chief Cabinet Secretary Hiromu Nonaka, stated that kimi meant the 'emperor as the symbol of Japan', and that the entire lyrics wish for the peace and prosperity of Japan. He referred to the new status of emperor as established in Article 1 of the Constitution of Japan as the main reason for these suggestions.[7] During the same session, Prime Minister Keizō Obuchi confirmed this meaning with a statement on June 29, 1999:
'Kimi' indicates the Emperor, who is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people, and whose position is derived from the consensus-based will of Japanese citizens, with whom sovereign power resides. And, the phrase 'Kimigayo' indicates our State, Japan, which has the Emperor enthroned as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people by the consensus-based will of Japanese citizens. And it is reasonable to take the lyric of 'Kimigayo' to mean the wish for the lasting prosperity and peace of such country of ours.[7][8]
Parties opposed to the Liberal Democratic Party, which was in control of the government at the time Obuchi was prime minister, strongly objected to the government's meaning of kimi and 'Kimigayo'. From the Democratic Party of Japan, members objected, due to the lack of any historical ties to the meaning. The strongest critic was Kazuo Shii, the chairman of the Communist Party of Japan, who strongly claimed that 'Japan' could not be derived from 'Kimigayo', because the lyrics only mention wishing for the emperor to have a long reign. Shii also objected to the use of the song as the national anthem because for a democratic nation, a song about the emperor is not appropriate.[7]
History[edit]
Empire of Japan (1868–1945)[edit]
Sazare-Ishi pebbles are believed to grow into boulders in some legends. A photo taken at Shimogamo Shrine in Kyōto.
Franz Eckert's notes, presented to the Meiji-Tennō in 1880 (cover design by Curt Netto).
The lyrics first appeared in the Kokin Wakashū, a poetry anthology, as an anonymous poem. The poem was included in many anthologies, and was used in a later period as a celebration song of a long life by people of all social statures. Unlike the form used for the current national anthem, the poem originally began with 'Waga Kimi wa' ('my lord') instead of 'Kimiga Yo wa' ('my lord's reign').[9] The first lyrics were changed during the Kamakura period, while the rest of the lyrics stayed the same. Because the lyrics were sung on formal occasions, such as birthdays, there was no sheet music for it until the 19th century.[7]
In 1869, John William Fenton, a visiting Irish military band leader, realized there was no national anthem in Japan, and suggested to Iwao Ōyama, an officer of the Satsuma Clan, that one be created. Ōyama agreed, and selected the lyrics.[10] The lyrics may have been chosen for their similarity to the British national anthem, due to Fenton's influence.[11] After selecting the anthem's lyrics, Ōyama then asked Fenton to create the melody. After being given just two[12] to three weeks to compose the melody and only a few days to rehearse, Fenton debuted the anthem before the Japanese Emperor in 1870.[11] This was the first version of 'Kimigayo'. This was discarded because the melody 'lacked solemnity', according to the Japanese government[13] although others believe it is because the melody was actually 'unsingable' for the Japanese.[14] However, this version is still performed annually at the Myōkōji temple in Yokohama, where Fenton served as a military band leader. Myōkōji serves as a memorial to him.[10]
In 1880, the Ministry of the Imperial Household adopted a new melody composed by Yoshiisa Oku and Akimori Hayashi. The composer is often listed as Hiromori Hayashi, who was their supervisor and Akimori's father. Akimori was also one of Fenton's pupils.[11] Although the melody is based on a traditional mode of Japanese court music, it is composed in a mixed style influenced by Western hymns, and uses some elements of the Fenton arrangement.[15] The German musician Franz Eckert applied the melody with Western style harmony, creating the second and current version of 'Kimigayo'. The government formally adopted 'Kimigayo' as the national anthem in 1888 and had copies of the music and lyrics sent overseas for diplomatic ceremonies.[16] By 1893, 'Kimigayo' was included in public school ceremonies due to the efforts of the then Ministry of Education.[7]
At the turn of the 20th century, 'Kimigayo' was beginning to be closely associated with the idea of honoring the Emperor. It was also associated as a part of Japanese education. However, opinions expressed in an Osaka paper in 1904 calls 'Kimigayo' a song for the imperial family and not the state as a whole.[17]Uchimura Kanzo, a Christian leader in Japan, stated at the turn of the 20th century that 'Kimigayo' is not the anthem of Japan by saying the song's purpose is to praise the emperor. According to Kanzo, a national anthem should express the feelings of the people, and not of the divine emperor.[18] The Japanese were not familiar with 'Kimigayo' as the anthem until there was a surge of celebrations after victories in the First Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars. Previously, papers were critical of fellow Japanese who could not sing 'Kimigayo' properly at ceremonies overseas.[16]
During World War II, the Japanese Empire ordered that schoolchildren, both from its homeland and its colonies, were to sing the 'Kimigayo' anthem and salute Emperor Hirohito every morning.
Postwar Japan (1945–present)[edit]
1945 to 1999[edit]
During the American occupation of Japan, there were no directives by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to restrict the use of 'Kimigayo' by the Japanese government. This was different from the regulations issued that restricted the use of the Hinomaru flag.[19] Along with the encouragement to use 'Kimigayo' in the schools to promote defense education and patriotism, the national broadcaster NHK began to use the song to announce the start and ending of its programming.[20]
Since 1999[edit]
Act on National Flag and Anthem as it appears in the Official Gazette on August 15, 1999
The 'Act on National Flag and Anthem' was passed in 1999, choosing both the Hinomaru and 'Kimigayo' as Japan's national symbols. The passage of the law stemmed from a suicide of a school principal in Hiroshima who could not resolve a dispute between his school board and his teachers over the use of the Hinomaru and 'Kimigayo'.[21]
Prime MinisterKeizō Obuchi of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) decided to draft legislation to make the Hinomaru and 'Kimigayo' official symbols of Japan in 2000. His Chief Cabinet Secretary, Hiromu Nonaka, wanted the legislation to be completed by the 10th anniversary of the coronation of Akihito as Emperor.[22] This is not the first time legislation was considered for establishing both symbols as official. In 1974, with the backdrop of the 1972 return of Okinawa to Japan and the 1973 oil crisis, Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka hinted at a law being passed legalizing both symbols.[23]
Main supporters of the bill were the LDP and the Komeito (CGP), while the opposition included the Social Democratic Party (SDPJ) and Communist Party (CPJ), who cited the connotations both symbols had with the war era. The CPJ was further opposed for not allowing the issue to be decided by the public. Meanwhile, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) could not develop party consensus on it. President of the DPJ, Naoto Kan stated that the DPJ must support the bill because the party already recognized both symbols as the symbols of Japan.[24] Deputy Secretary General and future prime minister Yukio Hatoyama thought that this bill would cause further divisions among society and the public schools.[22]
Before the vote, there were calls for the bills to be separated at the Diet. Waseda University professor Norihiro Kato stated that 'Kimigayo' is a separate issue more complex than the Hinomaru flag.[25] Attempts to designate only the Hinomaru as the national flag by the DPJ and other parties during the vote of the bill were rejected by the Diet.[26] The House of Representatives passed the bill on July 22, 1999, by a 403 to 86 vote.[27] The legislation was sent to the House of Councilors on July 28 and was passed on August 9. It was enacted into law on August 13.[28]
Protocol[edit]
'Kimigayo' played at a volleyball tournament in Ōsaka.
The lyrics and musical notation of the anthem are given in the second appendix of the Act on National Flag and Anthem. As for the sheet music itself, it displays a vocal arrangement with no mention of tempo and all of the lyrics in hiragana. The anthem is composed in 4/4 (common time) in the Dorian mode.[29] The Act on National Flag and Anthem does not detail how one should show respect during performances of 'Kimigayo'. In a statement made by Prime Minister Obuchi, the legislation will not impose new regulations on the Japanese people when it comes to respecting the flag or anthem.[30] However, local government bodies and private organizations sometimes suggest or demand certain protocols be followed. For example, an October 2003 directive by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government required teachers to stand during the national anthem at graduation ceremonies. While standing, the teachers are required to sing 'Kimigayo' while facing the Hinomaru.[31] United States military personnel are required by regulations to render honors with a hand salute, or when in civilian dress, to place their right hand over their heart when 'Kimigayo', 'The Star-Spangled Banner', or any other national anthem is performed.[32] The Act on National Flag and Anthem also does not dictate when or where 'Kimigayo' should be played. The anthem, however, is commonly played at sporting events inside of Japan, or at international sporting events where Japan has a competing team. At sumō tournaments, 'Kimigayo' is played before the awards ceremony.[13]
Public schools[edit]
Since the end of World War II, the Ministry of Education has issued statements and regulations to promote the usage of both the Hinomaru and 'Kimigayo' at schools under their jurisdiction. The first of these statements was released in 1950, stating that it was desirable, but not required, to use both symbols. This desire was later expanded to include both symbols on national holidays and during ceremonial events to encourage students on what national holidays are and to promote defense education. The Ministry not only took great measures to explain that both symbols are not formally established by law, they also referred to 'Kimigayo' as a song and refused to call it the national anthem. It was not until 1977 that the Ministry referred to 'Kimigayo' as the national anthem (国歌, kokka) of Japan.[33] In a 1989 reform of the education guidelines, the LDP-controlled government first demanded that the Hinomaru flag must be used in school ceremonies and that proper respect must be given to it and to 'Kimigayo'.[34] Punishments for school officials who did not follow this order were also enacted with the 1989 reforms.[33]
The 1999 curriculum guideline issued by the Ministry of Education after the passage of the Law Regarding the National Flag and Anthem decrees that 'on entrance and graduation ceremonies, schools must raise the flag of Japan and instruct students to sing the 'Kimigayo' (national anthem), given the significance of the flag and the song.'[35] Additionally, the ministry's commentary on 1999 curriculum guideline for elementary schools note that 'given the advance of internationalization, along with fostering patriotism and awareness of being Japanese, it is important to nurture school children's respectful attitude toward the flag of Japan and 'Kimigayo' as they grow up to be respected Japanese citizens in an internationalized society.'[36] The ministry also stated that if Japanese students cannot respect their own symbols, then they will not be able to respect the symbols of other nations.[37]
Present-day perception[edit]
According to a survey conducted by TV Asahi, most Japanese people perceived 'Kimigayo' as an important, yet a controversial song even before the passage of the Act on National Flag and Anthem in 1999.[38] However, a poll in the same year conducted by the Mainichi Shimbun found that most respondents opposed legislation making it the national anthem or felt the Diet should take more time in passing such a law.[39] Many Japanese students, who must sing the song at entrance and graduation ceremonies, say they cannot understand the old and obsolete language of the lyrics and are not educated on its historical uses.[40] Controversies surrounding the use of the anthem in school events still remain.
Lyrics[edit]
Official[29] | Kana (Hiragana)[29] | Rōmaji[13] | Phonetic transcription (IPA) | English translation[41] | Poetic English translation by Basil Hall Chamberlain[42] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
~ Kimigayo 'His Imperial Majesty's Reign' | |||||
きみがよは ちよにやちよに さざれいしの いわおとなりて こけのむすまで | Kimigayo wa Chiyo ni yachiyo ni Sazare-ishi no Iwao to narite Koke no musu made | [kʲi.mʲi.ɡa̠.jo̞ ɰᵝa̠] [t͡ɕi.jo̞ ɲ̟i ja̠.t͡ɕi.jo̞ ɲ̟i] [sa̠.za̠.ɾe̞.i.ɕi no̞] [i.ɰᵝa̠.o̞ to̞ na̠.ɾʲi.te̞] [ko̞.ke̞ no̞ mɯ̟ᵝ.sɨᵝ ma̠.de̞] | May your reign Continue for a thousand, eight thousand generations, Until the pebbles Grow into boulders Lush with moss | Thousands of years of happy reign be thine; Rule on, my lord, until what are pebbles now By ages united to mighty rocks shall grow Whose venerable sides the moss doth line. |
Controversies[edit]
Japan's national anthem is deemed the world's most controversial due to its post-war history.[43]Schools have been the center of controversy over both it and the national flag.[44] The Tokyo Board of Education requires the use of both 'Kimigayo' and flag at events under their jurisdiction. The order requires school teachers to respect both symbols or risk losing their jobs.[45] In 1999, several teachers in Hiroshima refused to put up the anthem while the Hiroshima Education Board demanded that they do so. As the tension arose between them, a vice-principal committed suicide. A similar incident in Osaka in 2010 also occurred, with 32 teachers refusing to sing the song in a ceremony. In 2011, nine more teachers joined the rebellion, along with another eight in 2012.[46]Hashimoto Toru, the mayor of Osaka, slated the teachers as 'It was good that criminals [teachers] who are intent on breaking the rules [of not singing the state anthem] have risen to the surface [public]'.[47] Some have protested that such rules violate the United NationsUniversal Declaration of Human Rights and the 'freedom of thought, belief and conscience' clause in the Constitution of Japan,[48] but the Board has argued that since schools are government agencies, their employees have an obligation to teach their students how to be good Japanese citizens. Teachers have unsuccessfully brought criminal complaints against Tokyo Governor Shintarō Ishihara and senior officials for ordering teachers to honor the Hinomaru and 'Kimigayo'.[49] After earlier opposition, the Japan Teachers Union accepts the use of both the flag and national anthem; the smaller All Japan Teachers and Staffs Union still opposes both symbols and their use inside the school system.[50]
In 2006, Katsuhisa Fujita, a retired teacher in Tokyo, was threatened with imprisonment and fined 200,000 yen (roughly 2,000 US dollars) after he was accused of disturbing a graduation ceremony at Itabashi High School by urging the attendees to remain seated during the playing of the national anthem.[51] At the time of Fujita's sentence, 345 teachers had been punished for refusing to take part in anthem related events, though Fujita is the only man to have been convicted in relation to it.[52] On September 21, 2006, the Tokyo District Court ordered the Tokyo Metropolitan Government to pay compensation to the teachers who had been subjected to punishment under the directive of the Tokyo Board of Education. The then Prime MinisterJunichiro Koizumi commented, 'It is a natural idea to treat the national anthem importantly'. The ruling has been appealed by the Metropolitan Government.[53] Since October 23, 2003, 410 teachers and school workers have been punished for refusing to stand and sing the anthem as ordered by school principals.[54] Teachers can also be punished if their students do not stand while 'Kimigayo' is played during school ceremonies.[48]
On 30 May 2011 and 6 June 2011, two panels of the Supreme Court of Japan ruled that it was constitutional to require teachers to stand in front of the Hinomaru and sing the Kimigayo during school ceremonies. In making the ruling, the panels ratified the decision of the Tokyo High Court in ruling against 13 teachers who had asked for court relief after being disciplined between 2003 and 2005 for refusing to stand and sing the anthem.[55]
Outside of the school system, there was a controversy regarding 'Kimigayo' soon after the passage of the 1999 law. A month after the law's passage, a record containing a performance of 'Kimigayo' by Japanese rocker Kiyoshiro Imawano was removed by Polydor Records from his album Fuyu no Jujika. Polydor did not want to attract harassment from far-right groups. In response, Imawano re-released the album through an independent label with the track in question.[56]
Recording made in 1930 (1m:30s) Midi rendition of Fenton's original | |
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See also[edit]
References[edit]
- Notes
- ^'Japan – Kimigayo'. NationalAnthems.me. Archived from the original on 2011-12-27. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
- ^'Elementary schools face new mandate: Patriotism, 'Kimigayo''. The Japan Times Online. Kyodo News. 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
- ^新村出記念財団(1998). A dictionary of language 『広辞苑』 ('Kōjien'), 5th edition. Published by Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.
- ^'君が代の源流 (in Japanese)'.'Inside 'Kimigayo' (in English)'. Furuta's Historical Science Association. Retrieved 2008-05-10.External link in
|publisher=
(help) - ^Michael (2003). Graham Humphrys (eds.). Citizenship Education and Lifelong Learning: Power and Place. Nova Biomedical Books. p. 126. ISBN978-1-59033-863-6. Retrieved 2010-10-13.CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
- ^Hutchinson, John; Smith, Anthony D (2000). Nationalism: Critical concepts in political science. ISBN978-0-415-21756-9.
- ^ abcdeItoh, Mayumi (July 2001). 'Japan's Neo-Nationalism: The Role of the Hinomaru and Kimigayo Legislation'. Japan Policy Research Institute Working Paper. 79. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^The House of Representatives (1999-06-29). 'Info of the minutes (in Japanese) of the plenary session No.41 of the House of Representatives in the 145th Diet term'. Database run by National Diet Library. Retrieved 2008-05-10.External link in
|publisher=
(help) - ^Goodman, Neary 1996, p. 78
- ^ abAura Sabadus (2006-03-14). 'Japan searches for Scot who modernised nation'. The Scotsman. Published by Johnston Press Digital Publishing. Archived from the original on 2012-12-16. Retrieved 2007-12-10.External link in
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(help) - ^ abcColin Joyce (2005-08-30). 'Briton who gave Japan its anthem'. Telegraph.co.uk. Published by Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2007-12-10.External link in
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(help) - ^Boyd, Richard; Tak-Wing Ngo (2006). State Making in Asia. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN978-0-415-34611-5.
- ^ abc'National Flag and Anthem'(PDF). Web Japan. Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2000. Retrieved 2009-12-11.
- ^Marshall, Alex (2016). Republic or Death! Travels in Search of National Anthems. London: Windmill Books. p. 104. ISBN9780099592235.
Fenton's effort was overhauled in 1880 because it turned out to be completely unsingable if you were Japanese – 'Japanese is not a tonal language, but it has its highs and lows, and he got it completely wrong, 'Professor Kazuo Fukushima, the director of Japan's Music Historiography Research Institute, told me – but after the rework it grew in prominence, especially as Japan's ruling elite tried to create a modern country...
- ^Hermann Gottschewski: 'Hoiku shōka and the melody of the Japanese national anthem Kimi ga yo', in: Journal of the Society for Research in Asiatic Music (東洋音楽研究), No. 68 (2003), pp. 1–17. Published by The society for Research in Asiatic MusicArchived 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ abBoyd, Richard; Ngo, Tak-Wing (2006). State Making in Asia. Routledge. p. 36. ISBN978-0-415-34611-5. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- ^Goodman, Neary 1996, p. 79
- ^Shields Jr., James J. (1989). Japanese Schooling: Patterns of Socialization, Equality, and Political Control. Penn State University Press. p. 241. ISBN978-0-271-02340-3. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- ^Goodman, Neary 1996, p. 81
- ^Goodman, Neary 1996, p. 82
- ^Aspinall 2001, p. 126
- ^ abItoh 2003, pp. 209–10
- ^Goodman, Neary 1996, pp. 82–83
- ^ Democratic Party of Japan. 国旗国歌法制化についての民主党の考え方 [The DPJ Asks For A Talk About the Flag and Anthem Law]; 1999-07-21 [archived July 28, 2011; Retrieved 2010-01-17]. ‹See Tfd›(in Japanese).
- ^Calichman, Richard (2005). Contemporary Japanese Thought. Columbia University Press. p. 211. ISBN978-0-231-13620-4. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- ^ Democratic Party of Japan. 国旗・国歌法案、衆院で可決 民主党は自主投票 [Flag and Anthem Law Passed by the House, DPJ Free Vote]; 1999-07-22 [archived July 28, 2011; Retrieved 2010-01-18]. ‹See Tfd›(in Japanese).
- ^ National Diet Library. 第145回国会 本会議 第47号; 1999-07-22 [Retrieved 2010-01-17]. ‹See Tfd›(in Japanese).
- ^ House of Representatives. 議案審議経過情報: 国旗及び国歌に関する法律案; 1999-08-13 [archived 2011-03-23; Retrieved 2010-01-17]. ‹See Tfd›(in Japanese).
- ^ abc国旗及び国歌に関する法律
- ^'Statement of Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi'. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 1999-08-09. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
- ^Editorial staff (2004-04-07). 'Editorial: Coercion can't foster respect'. The Japan Times Online. The Japan Times. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
- ^Trevor M. Carlee (2005-02-18). 'Corps places hand over heart for national anthem'. Okinawa Marine. From United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2006-04-27. Retrieved 2007-12-19.External link in
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(help) - ^ abGoodman, Neary 1996, pp. 81–83
- ^Trevor 2001, p. 78
- ^ Hiroshima Prefectural Board of Education Secretariat. 学習指導要領における国旗及び国歌の取扱い [Handling of the flag and anthem in the National Curriculum]; 2001-09-11 [archived 2011-07-22; Retrieved 2009-12-08]. ‹See Tfd›(in Japanese).
- ^ Ministry of Education. 小学校学習指導要領解説社会編,音楽編,特別活動編 [National Curriculum Guide: Elementary social notes, Chapter music Chapter Special Activities]; 1999 [archived 2006-03-19]. ‹See Tfd›(in Japanese).
- ^Aspinall 2001, p. 125
- ^Asahi Research. TV Asahi. 国旗・国歌法制化について [About the Law of the Flag and Anthem]; 1999-07-18 [archived 2008-05-23; Retrieved 2008-03-11]. ‹See Tfd›(in Japanese).
- ^Japan Times. Japan Times. Flag-anthem law no end to controversy; 1999-07-09 [Retrieved 2015-12-21]. ‹See Tfd›(in English).
- ^Japan Times. Japan Times. [www.japantimes.co.jp/news/1999/07/22/national/kimigayo-controversy-leaves-students-indifferent-confused/ ‘Kimigayo’ controversy leaves students indifferent, confused]; 1999-07-09 [Retrieved 2015-12-21]. ‹See Tfd›(in English).
- ^Hood, Christopher (2001). Japanese Education Reform: Nakasone's Legacy. Routledge. p. 166. ISBN978-0-415-23283-8. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^'Politika i ekonomija (Upoznajte Japan)' (in Serbian). Japanska ambasada u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori. 2003. Archived from the original on 2010-04-28. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
- ^Marshall, Alex (2016). Republic or Death! Travels in Search of National Anthems. London: Windmill Books. pp. 99–100. ISBN9780099592235.
All anthems stir up controversy at some point...But no matter how heated such controversies get, none comes close to that around Kimigayo. It's a conflict that's been going on in Japan's schools for over 70 years. Teachers have lost jobs because of it. They've received death threats because of it. Parents have been left dazed by it, worrying about their children's future. And yes, Toshihiro Ishikawa committed suicide because of it.
- ^Weisman, Steven R. For Japanese, Flag and Anthem Sometimes Divide. The New York Times. 1990-04-29 [Retrieved 2010-01-02].
- ^McCurry, Justin. A touchy subject. Guardian Unlimited. 2006-06-05 [Retrieved 2008-01-14]. The Guardian.
- ^'8 Osaka teachers to be punished for refusal to sing national anthem'. Japan Today. Japan Today. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^'Teachers Who Refused To Sing National Anthem Face Punishment'. japanCRUSH. Beth. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
- ^ abGrossman; Lee, Wing On; Kennedy§first3=Kerry (2008). Citizenship Curriculum in Asia and the Pacific. Springer. p. 85. ISBN978-1-4020-8744-8. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
- ^The Japan Times. Ishihara's Hinomaru order called legit; 2006-01-05 [Retrieved 2007-12-04].
- ^Heenan 1998, p. 206
- ^Kyodo News (2006-05-24). 'Feature: Upcoming verdict on retired teacher draws attention'. Kyodo News On The Web. Published by Kyodo News. Archived from the original on 2006-06-18. Retrieved 2006-07-29.External link in
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(help) - ^'Japanese teacher fined for anthem protest'. The Taipei Times. AFP. 2006-05-31. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- ^'City Hall to appeal 'Kimigayo' ruling'. The Japan Times Online. The Japan Times. 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
- ^'2 teachers punished for refusing to stand up, recite 'Kimigayo''. Kyodo News. Japan Today. 2008-05-24. Archived from the original on 2009-10-15. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- ^Kyodo News. 'Top court again backs 'Kimigayo' orders'. The Japan Times Online. The Japan Times. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^McClure, Steve (1999-09-25). 'Polydor Censors Japanese Rocker'. Billboard Magazine. Billboard. p. 73. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
- Bibliography
- Aspinall, Robert W. Teachers' Unions and the Politics of Education in Japan. State University of New York Press; 2001. ISBN0-7914-5050-3.
- Calichman, Richard T. Contemporary Japanese Thought. Columbia University Press; 2005. ISBN0-231-13621-8.
- Goodman, Roger; Ian Neary. Case Studies on Human Rights in Japan. Routledge; 1996. ISBN978-1-873410-35-6.
- Hebert, David G. (2011), 'National Identity in the Japanese School Band', Wind Bands and Cultural Identity in Japanese Schools, Landscapes: the Arts, Aesthetics, and Education, 9, Springer, p. 239, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2178-4_16, ISBN978-94-007-2178-4
- Heenan, Patrick. The Japan Handbook. Routledge; 1998. ISBN1-57958-055-6.
- Itoh, Mayumi. The Hatoyama Dynasty: Japanese Political Leadership Through the Generations. Palgrave Macmillan; 2003. ISBN1-4039-6331-2.
- Trevor, Malcolm. Japan – Restless Competitor The Pursuit of Economic Nationalism. Routledge; 2001. ISBN978-1-903350-02-7.
- Marshall, Alex. Republic or Death! Travels in Search of National Anthems, Windmill Books, 2016, ISBN9781473507531OCLC919397311 – contains chapter on the song, and its meaning today focusing on controversies
- Legislation
- Government of Japan. 国旗及び国歌に関する法律 (法律第百二十七号) [Act on National Flag and Anthem, Act No. 127]; 1999-08-13 [Retrieved 2010-02-06]. ‹See Tfd›(in Japanese).
External links[edit]
- Web-Japan.org National Flag and Anthem
- About.com Japanese national anthem – Kimigayo
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimigayo&oldid=903202955'
National Anthems Lyrics
A
Afghanistan National Anthem
Albania National Anthem
Algeria National Anthem
American National Anthem
American National Anthem (Spanish Version)
Andorra National Anthem
Angola National Anthem
Antigua National Anthem
Argentina National Anthem
Armenia National Anthem
Aruba National Anthem
Australia National Anthem
Austria National Anthem
B
Bahamas National Anthem
Bangladesh National Anthem
Barbados National Anthem
Belarus National Anthem
Belgium National Anthem
Belize National Anthem
Benin National Anthem
Bermuda National Anthem
Bolivia National Anthem
Bosnia National Anthem
Botswana National Anthem
![Anthem Anthem](/uploads/1/2/3/8/123899045/654877738.jpg)
Brazil National Anthem
Britain National Anthem
Brunei National Anthem
Bulgaria National Anthem
Burkina Faso National Anthem
Burundi National Anthem
C
Cafrica National Anthem
Cambodia National Anthem
Cameroon National Anthem
Canada National Anthem
Caymanislands National Anthem
Chad National Anthem
Chile National Anthem
China National Anthem
Colombia National Anthem
Comoros National Anthem
Congo National Anthem
Costa Rica National Anthem
Cotedivoire National Anthem
Croatia National Anthem
Cuba National Anthem
Cyprus National Anthem
Czech Republic National Anthem
D
Denmark National Anthem
Djibouti National Anthem
Dominica National Anthem
Dominican Republic National Anthem
E
Ecuador National Anthem
Egypt National Anthem
El Salvador National Anthem
England National Anthem
Equatorial Guinea National Anthem
Estonia National Anthem
F
Fiji National Anthem
Finland National Anthem
France National Anthem
G
Gabon National Anthem
Gambia National Anthem
Germany National Anthem
Ghana National Anthem
Greece National Anthem
Grenada National Anthem
Guatemala National Anthem
Guinea-Bissau National Anthem
Guyana National Anthem
H
Haiti National Anthem
Honduras National Anthem
Hungary National Anthem
I
Iceland National Anthem
India National Anthem
Indonesia National Anthem
Iran National Anthem
Iraq National Anthem
Ireland National Anthem
Isle of Man National Anthem
Israel National Anthem
Italy National Anthem
J
Jamaica National Anthem
Japan National Anthem
Jordan National Anthem
K
Kenya National Anthem
Kiribati National Anthem
L
Laos National Anthem
Latvia National Anthem
Lebanon National Anthem
Lesotho National Anthem
Liberia National Anthem
Libya National Anthem
Liechtenstein National Anthem
Lithuania National Anthem
Luxembourg National Anthem
M
Macedonia National Anthem
Madagascar National Anthem
Malawi National Anthem
Malaysia National Anthem
Maldives National Anthem
Mali National Anthem
Malta National Anthem
Mauritius National Anthem
Mexico National Anthem
Monaco National Anthem
Montenegro National Anthem
Morocco National Anthem
Mozambique National Anthem
N
Namibia National Anthem
Nauru National Anthem
Nepal National Anthem
Netherlands National Anthem
New Zealand National Anthem
Nigeria National Anthem
North Korea National Anthem
Norway National Anthem
Nuestro Himno
O
P
Pakistan National Anthem
Panama National Anthem
Papua New Guinea National Anthem
Paraguay National Anthem
Peru National Anthem
Phillipines National Anthem
Poland National Anthem
Portugal National Anthem
Q
R
Romania National Anthem
Russia National Anthem
S
Saint Kitts and Nevis National Anthem
Saint Lucia National Anthem
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines National Anthem
Saudi Arabia National Anthem
Scotland National Anthem
Serbia National Anthem
Seychelles National Anthem
Sierra Leone National Anthem
Singapore National Anthem
Slovakia National Anthem
Slovenia National Anthem
Solomon Islands National Anthem
South Africa National Anthem
South Korea National Anthem
Soviet Union National Anthem
Suriname National Anthem
Swaziland National Anthem
Sweden National Anthem
Switzerland National Anthem
T
Tanzania National Anthem
Tonga National Anthem
Trinidad-Tobago National Anthem
Turkey National Anthem
Tuvalu National Anthem
U
Uganda National Anthem
UK National Anthem
Ukraine National Anthem
United States of America National Anthem
USA National Anthem
USA National Anthem (Spanish Version)
USSR National Anthem
V
Vanuatu National Anthem
Vatican City National Anthem
Venezuela National Anthem
Vietnam National Anthem
W
Wales National Anthem
Western Samoa National Anthem
X
Y
Yugoslavia National Anthem
Z
Zambia National Anthem
Zimbabwe National Anthem
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